Consider the following statements regarding linear resistive networks:1.Superposition theorem is applicable only if the network contains independent sources.2.Superposition cannot be applied to power calculations directly.3.Dependent sources must be deactivated while applying superposition.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements:1.A current source in parallel with a resistor can be converted into a voltage source in series with same resistance.2.A 2A current source in parallel with 5 Ω is equivalent to 10 V voltage source in series with 5 Ω.3.Source transformation is valid only for linear bilateral networks.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding complex power:1.Apparent power is the magnitude of complex power.2.Reactive power can be negative.3.Power factor is defined as ratio of real power to reactive power.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements:1.In a series RLC circuit at resonance, impedance is purely resistive.2.Voltage across L and C individually can be greater than source voltage.3.Power consumed at resonance is zero.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding power factor correction:1.It reduces line current.2.It reduces copper losses.3.It improves voltage regulation.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements:1.RMS value of sinusoidal current is its peak value divided by √2.2.Average value of sinusoidal current over one cycle is zero.3.Form factor of sine wave is1.11.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding electromagnetic induction:1.Induced EMF depends on rate of change of flux.2.Lenz’s law determines the direction of induced EMF.3.Induced EMF always aids the cause.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding three-phase systems:1.Total power = √3 VL IL cosϕ.2.Power is constant in balanced system.3.Neutral current is zero in balanced load.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A DC circuit consists of a resistor of 10 Ω connected across a 20 V supply.With reference to current and power, consider the following statements:1.The current flowing through the resistor is 2 A.2.The power dissipated in the resistor is 40 W.3.If resistance is doubled, current becomes 1 A.4.Power remains unchanged if resistance is doubled.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Two resistors of 6 Ω and 3 Ω are connected in parallel across 12 V supply. Then1.Equivalent resistance is 2 Ω.2.Total current is 6 A.3.Current through 3 Ω resistor is 4 A.4.Power consumed is 72 W.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
An AC voltage is given by v(t) = 100 sin(ωt). Then1.Peak voltage is 100 V.2.RMS voltage is 100/√2.3.RMS value ≈ 70.7 V.4.Average value over full cycle is 100 V.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A load consumes 1000 W at 0.8 lagging power factor. Then1.Apparent power is 1250 VA.2.Reactive power is 750 VAR.3.Current increases if power factor decreases.4.Power factor correction reduces line current.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A single-phase half-wave rectifier has input RMS voltage 100 V. Then1.Peak voltage ≈ 141 V.2.DC output ≈ 45 V.3.Output is pulsating DC.4.Efficiency is 100%.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A single-phase transformer operates with primary voltage of 230 V and secondary voltage of 115 V. It supplies a load current of 4 A. Assume ideal conditions.1.The turns ratio between primary and secondary is2.2. The primary current is 2 A.3.The output power delivered to the load is 460 W.4.The input power is greater than output power under ideal conditions.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A DC motor is supplied with 220 V and draws an armature current of 10 A.The armature resistance is 1 Ω. Then1.The back EMF developed in the motor is approximately 210 V.2.The electrical power converted into mechanical form is about 2100 W.3.When load increases, the armature current increases and speed decreases.4.The back EMF increases with increase in load current.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Thevenin’s Theorem:1.Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source in series with a resistance.2.Thevenin resistance is calculated by deactivating all independent sources and finding equivalent resistance seen from terminals.3.The open circuit voltage across terminals is equal to Thevenin voltage of the network.4.Thevenin equivalent is valid only for DC circuits and cannot be applied to AC circuits.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Maximum Power Transfer:1.Maximum power transfer occurs when load resistance equals source resistance in DC circuits.2.In AC circuits, maximum power transfer occurs when load impedance is complex conjugate of source impedance.3.At maximum power transfer condition, efficiency of the system becomes 50 percent.4.Maximum power transfer condition ensures minimum losses in the circuit.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding First Order Circuits (RC):1.In an RC charging circuit, capacitor voltage increases exponentially and approaches supply voltage asymptotically.2.Time constant of an RC circuit is given by product of resistance and capacitance.3.After one time constant, capacitor voltage reaches approximately 63 percent of its final value.4.The current in RC charging circuit increases with time and reaches maximum at steady state.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Second Order Circuits:1.A second-order circuit contains two energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors.2.The transient response depends on damping factor which determines underdamped, overdamped or critically damped behavior.3.In underdamped case, the response exhibits oscillatory behavior with decaying amplitude.4.In overdamped case, the response oscillates indefinitely with constant amplitude.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Resonance in RLC Circuit:1.In series resonance, impedance becomes minimum and current becomes maximum.2.At resonance, inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance.3.Power factor at resonance becomes unity.4.In parallel resonance, impedance becomes minimum.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Frequency Response:1.Frequency response describes system behavior as function of frequency.2.Bode plot represents magnitude and phase variation with frequency.3.Gain margin and phase margin indicate system stability.4.Frequency response is independent of system poles.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Analog Circuits – Diodes:1.A diode conducts when forward-biased and blocks current in reverse bias condition ideally.2.The cut-in voltage for silicon diode is approximately 0.7 V.3.In reverse biased, small leakage current flows due to minority carriers.4.Diode behaves as linear element under all operating conditions.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Analog Circuits – Transistor:1.A BJT operates in active region when base-emitter junction is forward biased and collector-base junction is reverse-biased.2.Current gain of transistor is defined as ratio of collector current to base current.3.Transistor can be used as amplifier in active region.4.In saturation region, transistor acts as open switch.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Analog Circuits – Operational Amplifier:1.Ideal op-amp has infinite input impedance and zero output impedance.2.Gain of ideal op-amp is infinite.3.In practical op-amps, bandwidth is limited.4.Ideal op-amp can supply infinite output current.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A circuit contains two independent voltage sources connected with resistors. Then1.Superposition considers one independent source at a time.2.Total current is sum of individual source contributions.3.Power can be directly added from individual source contributions.4.Dependent sources remain active in analysis.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A two-port network has defined Z-parameters. Then1.Defined under open-circuit conditions.2.Z11 represents input impedance.3.Z12 represents transfer impedance.4.Can be used in network interconnections.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A parallel circuit consists of two branches: one with impedance (4 + j3) Ω and another with (4 − j3) Ω connected to 100 V supply. Then1.The total impedance is purely resistive.2.The equivalent impedance magnitude is 4 Ω.3.Total current drawn is 25 A.4.Power factor of circuit is unity.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
An RL circuit is excited by a DC step voltage. Then1.Initial current through inductor is zero.2.Final current depends only on resistance.3.Time constant depends only on inductance.4.Current rises exponentially with time.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A two-port network has Z11 = 20 Ω, Z22 = 10 Ω, Z12 = Z21 = 5 Ω. Then1.Network is reciprocal.2.Input impedance depends on load connected.3.Z-parameters are valid for open-circuit conditions.4.Z12 equals Z21 for symmetric networks only.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding magnetic circuits:1.Magnetic reluctance represents the opposition offered by a material to the establishment of magnetic flux, analogous to resistance in electric circuits.2.The permeability of a material is a constant parameter and does not vary with magnetic field intensity.3.Introduction of an air gap in a magnetic circuit significantly increases the total reluctance due to low permeability of air.4.Magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit is analogous to electric current flowing in an electrical circuit.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding DC Generators:1.The generated EMF in a DC generator is directly proportional to both the speed of rotation and the magnetic flux per pole.2.The field flux in a DC generator can be controlled by adjusting the field current in the excitation winding.3.Armature reaction in a DC generator leads to distortion and weakening of the main magnetic field.4.The commutator converts the internally generated alternating voltage into a unidirectional output voltage.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Transformer Testing:1.The open-circuit test is conducted to determine core losses and magnetizing current at rated voltage conditions.2.The short-circuit test is used to determine copper losses and equivalent impedance of the transformer.3.In the open-circuit test, rated current flows in the primary winding during the test.4.In the short-circuit test, a reduced voltage is applied to circulate rated current in the windings.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding AC Machine Windings:1.Distributed windings are used in AC machines to reduce harmonic content and produce a nearly sinusoidal EMF waveform.2.The pitch factor accounts for the effect of short-pitching of coils and usually reduces the magnitude of induced EMF.3.Concentrated windings inherently produce a perfectly sinusoidal induced EMF waveform.4.The winding factor is defined as the product of pitch factor and distribution factor in AC machines.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Induction Motor Torque:1.The maximum torque developed by an induction motor is independent of rotor resistance under constant supply conditions.2.Increasing rotor resistance improves the starting torque of a slip-ring induction motor.3.The slip corresponding to maximum torque is directly proportional to rotor resistance.4.The electromagnetic torque becomes zero when the rotor reaches synchronous speed.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Transformer Efficiency:1.The maximum efficiency of a transformer occurs when copper losses are equal to core losses.2.Transformer efficiency remains constant irrespective of the load connected to it.3.All-day efficiency is an important performance metric for distribution transformers.4.Efficiency generally increases with load up to a certain point before decreasing.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Synchronous Motor:1.A synchronous motor is not self-starting and requires auxiliary means for starting.2.It can operate at unity, lagging, or leading power factor depending on excitation.3.Over-excited synchronous motors are used as synchronous condensers for power factor correction.4.The speed of a synchronous motor varies significantly with load torque.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Commutation in DC Machines:1.Commutation is the process by which alternating current in armature conductors is converted into direct current at the terminals.2.Poor commutation results in sparking at the brushes and can damage the commutator surface.3.Brush shifting and use of interpoles help in improving commutation performance.4.Proper commutation is essential for efficient and sparkless operation of DC machines.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A transformer has core loss = 500 W and full-load copper loss = 500 W.1.Maximum efficiency occurs at full load condition.2.At half load, copper loss becomes 125 W.3.Efficiency at half load is lower than full load efficiency.4.Condition for maximum efficiency is that copper loss equals core loss.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
An induction motor develops maximum torque at slip = 0.2.1.If rotor resistance is doubled, slip at maximum torque increases.2.Maximum torque value remains unchanged with rotor resistance variation.3.Starting torque increases with rotor resistance.4.Maximum torque occurs at synchronous speed.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
An induction motor operates at a slip of 5% with a supply frequency of 50 Hz.1.Rotor frequency is approximately2.5 Hz.2.Rotor current frequency becomes zero at synchronous speed.3.Rotor frequency equals supply frequency at standstill.4.Rotor frequency is independent of slip.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A DC motor has flux = constant and armature current = 20 A.1.Torque is directly proportional to armature current under constant flux condition.2.If current doubles, torque also doubles.3.Torque is independent of flux.4.Torque depends on product of flux and current.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A synchronous generator has 8 poles and rotates at 750 rpm.1.Generated frequency is 50 Hz.2.If speed increases to 1500 rpm, frequency becomes 100 Hz.3.Frequency depends on speed and number of poles.4.Frequency is independent of rotor speed.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding vector calculus:1.The divergence of a vector field represents the net outward flux per unit volume from a point and indicates the presence of sources or sinks.2.The curl of a vector field measures the rotational tendency of the field and is zero for conservative fields.3.The gradient of a scalar field always results in a scalar quantity representing rate of change.4.Divergence theorem relates surface integral of a vector field over a closed surface to volume integral of divergence.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Electric Field Intensity:1.Electric field intensity at a point is defined as force experienced by a unit positive test charge placed at that point.2.Electric field due to a point charge decreases inversely with square of distance from the charge.3.Electric field is independent of the medium surrounding the charge.4.Superposition principle applies to electric fields generated by multiple charges.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Gauss Law:1.Gauss law states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to charge enclosed divided by permittivity.2.It is particularly useful for calculating electric fields with high symmetry such as spherical or cylindrical distributions.3.Gauss law can be used to determine field due to any arbitrary charge distribution easily.4.Electric flux depends on the enclosed charge and not on the shape of Gaussian surface.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Electric Potential:1.Electric potential is defined as work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to a point.2.Potential difference between two points is independent of the path taken between them.3.Electric potential is a vector quantity since it has magnitude and direction.4.Equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to electric field lines.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Conductors in Electrostatics:1.Electric field inside a perfect conductor under electrostatic conditions is zero due to free charge redistribution.2.Charges in a conductor reside only on the surface in electrostatic equilibrium.3.Potential inside a conductor remains constant throughout its volume.4.Electric field inside a conductor increases with depth due to induced charges.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Dielectrics:1.Dielectric materials reduce electric field within them due to polarization effects.2.Relative permittivity is always greater than or equal to unity for dielectric materials.3.Polarization results from alignment of dipoles within the material.4.Dielectrics increase capacitance by increasing electric field strength.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Ampere’s Law:1.Ampere’s circuital law relates line integral of magnetic field around closed path to current enclosed.2.It is useful for symmetric current distributions such as infinite wires and solenoids.3.Ampere’s law is valid only for static fields and not for time-varying fields.4.Magnetic field inside a long solenoid is uniform.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Regarding Fire Alarm Systems, consider the following:1.Addressable fire alarm systems can pinpoint the exact location of the triggered detector.2.Ionization smoke detectors are generally preferred for kitchen areas to avoid false alarms.3.Manual call points (MCPs) allow occupants to manually initiate a fire alarmWhich of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Maxwell’s Equations:1.Maxwell’s equations unify electric and magnetic field theories.2.Displacement current term was introduced to modify Ampere’s law.3.Time-varying electric field produces magnetic field.4.Maxwell equations apply only to static fields.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Electromagnetic Waves:1.Electromagnetic waves propagate in free space without requiring a material medium.2.Electric and magnetic fields in EM wave are perpendicular to each other.3.Wave velocity in free space is equal to speed of light.4.EM waves cannot propagate in vacuum.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Boundary Conditions:1.Tangential component of electric field is continuous across boundary.2.Normal component of electric flux density depends on surface charge density.3.Tangential component of magnetic field is discontinuous if surface current exists.4.Boundary conditions are independent of material properties.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Poynting Vector:1.Poynting vector represents power flow per unit area in electromagnetic field.2.It is given by the cross product of electric and magnetic field vectors.3.Direction of Poynting vector indicates direction of energy propagation.4.It has units of volts per meter.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Wave Propagation:1.Wave impedance depends on medium properties such as permittivity and permeability.2.In free space, intrinsic impedance is approximately 377 ohms.3.Wave velocity depends on frequency of wave.4.Higher permittivity reduces wave velocity.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Skin Effect:1.Skin effect causes current to concentrate near surface of conductor at high frequency.2.Skin depth decreases with increase in frequency.3.Skin effect reduces effective cross-sectional area of conductor.4.Skin effect is significant only at low frequencies.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Transmission Lines:1.Transmission lines exhibit distributed parameters such as resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance.2.Characteristic impedance is independent of line length.3.Reflection occurs when load impedance does not match line impedance.4.Standing waves are formed due to reflections along the line.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Logic Families:1.CMOS logic family exhibits high noise immunity due to large voltage margins and high input impedance characteristics.2.TTL logic consumes less static power compared to CMOS due to bipolar transistor operation.3.CMOS circuits allow higher fan-out due to negligible input current.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Logic Gates:1.NAND and NOR gates are universal gates capable of implementing any Boolean function.2.XOR gate follows associative law under all conditions of logic operations.3.AND gate operation is commutative and associative in Boolean algebra.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Boolean Logic:1.The Boolean identity A + A'B simplifies to A using absorption law principles.2.De Morgan’s theorem states (A + B)' = A'B' which is fundamental in logic transformation.3.Expression A + AB simplifies to A reducing redundant logic terms.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Combinational Logic:1.Combinational circuits produce outputs based only on present input conditions without memory effect.2.These circuits do not include feedback paths or storage elements like flip-flops.3.Sequential logic is a subset of combinational circuits used for timing operations.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Digital Multiplexer:1.A multiplexer selects one of many inputs based on select lines and routes it to a single output.2.Number of select lines required is log2 of the number of inputs.3.Multiplexer cannot implement arbitrary Boolean functions directly.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Decoder circuit:1.Decoder converts binary input into one-hot output activating only one output line.2.It can be used for function generation and memory addressing operations.3.All outputs of decoder remain active simultaneously during operation.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Sequential circuit:1.Sequential circuits depend on both present inputs and previous states stored in memory elements.2.Flip-flops and latches provide storage capability in such systems.3.All sequential circuits are necessarily asynchronous in operation.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Flip Flops:1.SR flip-flop has invalid state when both inputs are high causing undefined output.2.JK flip-flop resolves this issue by toggling when both inputs are high.3.D flip-flop eliminates race condition by using level triggering.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Registers:1.Registers are groups of flip-flops used to store multi-bit binary data and are widely used for temporary storage inside digital systems.2.Shift registers allow serial as well as parallel data transfer depending on configuration and are used in data conversion applications.3.Registers inherently perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction without additional combinational circuits.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Counters:1.Asynchronous counters experience cumulative propagation delay due to ripple effect, limiting their operating speed in high-frequency applications.2.All synchronous counters are free from decoding glitches and hazards under all operating conditions.3.Synchronous counters eliminate ripple delay by clocking all flip-flops simultaneously, thereby improving speed and reliability.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding ADC characteristics:1.Resolution of an ADC is defined as the smallest change in analog input that can be detected and is inversely proportional to number of bits.2.Quantization error is inherent in ADC and cannot be completely eliminated but can be minimized by increasing resolution.3.Sampling rate has no effect on signal reconstruction quality in digital systems.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding D to A converter characteristics:1.R-2R ladder DAC provides better accuracy and simplicity compared to binary weighted resistor DAC.2.DAC output is independent of reference voltage used in the circuit.3.A Digital-to-Analog Converter converts discrete digital values into corresponding analog voltage or current signals for real-world interfacing.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Semiconductor Memories:1.SRAM uses bistable flip-flops for data storage and offers faster access speed compared to DRAM.2.DRAM stores data as charge on capacitors and requires periodic refreshing to maintain data integrity.3.DRAM is faster and more expensive than SRAM due to its higher density.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Memory Organization:1.Memory capacity is expressed as number of words multiplied by number of bits per word in digital systems.2.Address lines determine number of memory locations while data lines determine word size.3.Increasing address lines reduces total memory capacity of the system.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Programmable Logic Devices:1.Programmable Logic Devices allow implementation of combinational logic without fixed hardware connections.2.PLA allows both AND and OR arrays to be programmable, offering maximum flexibility.3.PAL provides programmable AND array while keeping OR array fixed.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the Power MOSFET and IGBT:1.MOSFETs have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, making them easy to parallel.2.IGBTs exhibit "current tailing" during turn-off, which increases switching losses.3.MOSFETs are preferred over IGBTs for low-power applications with switching frequencies above 200 kHz.4.Both devices are current-controlled semiconductor switches.Which of the statements given above are correct?
Regarding the turn-on process of an SCR, consider the following statements:1.Latching current is the minimum anode current required to maintain the SCR in the ON state after the gate pulse is removed.2.Holding current is associated with the turn-off process.3.The gate pulse width should be sufficient for the anode current to rise above the holding current.4.Latching current is typically 2 to 3 times the holding current.Which of the statements given above are correct?
With reference to Snubber circuits, consider the following:1.An RC snubber in parallel with an SCR limits the dV/dt stress.2.A series inductor limits the di/dt during turn-on.3.The capacitor in a snubber circuit stores energy during the OFF state and dissipates it through the resistor during turn-on.Which of the statements given above are correct?
Regarding the effect of source inductance (Ls) in a single-phase rectifier:1.It causes a "commutation overlap" denoted by angle μ.2.It reduces the average output voltage.3.During overlap, the output voltage follows the average of the two commutating phases.Which of the statements given above are correct?
For a DC-DC Boost Converter, consider the following:1.It can produce an output voltage lower than the input if the duty cycle is less than 0.5.2.The switch is subjected to the full output voltage when it is OFF.3.The output capacitor reduces voltage ripple.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in inverters, consider the following:1.Sinusoidal PWM reduces the lower-order harmonics but increases the switching losses.2.The modulation index (ma) controls the amplitude of the fundamental output.3.If ma>1, the inverter enters the "over-modulation" region, increasing harmonic distortion.Which of the statements given above are correct?
In a 3-phase VSI in 120° conduction mode,1.Each switch conducts for 120° in a cycle.2.Only two switches conduct at any given time.3.The phase voltage is zero for 60° in every half-cycle.Which of the statements given above are correct?
Consider the performance of a 3-phase VSI. Then1.180° conduction provides higher fundamental output than 120° conduction.2.120° conduction is prone to short-circuiting the DC bus if "dead-time" is not provided.3.In 180° conduction, the potential of the load neutral is always zero for a balanced star load.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A single-phase full converter is connected to 230 V, 50 Hz. The load is R = 10 Ω with a very large inductance. For α = 30°, verify.1.Average output voltage is approximately 179.3 V.2.The RMS value of the input current is 17.93 A.3.The fundamental power factor is 0.866.Which of the statements are correct?
A three-phase full converter feeds a highly inductive load. The input is 415 V (Line-to-Line), 50 Hz. For α = 60°, verify.1.The average output voltage is 280 V.2.The fundamental displacement factor is 0.5.3.Each thyristor conducts for6.67 ms.Which of the statements are correct?
A DC-DC Boost converter has Vin = 10 V, L = 100 μH, f = 50 kHz. It delivers 25 W at Vo = 25 V. Verify1.The duty cycle D is 0.6.2.The peak-to-peak inductor current ripple is1.2 A.3.The average inductor current is2.5 A.Which of the statements are correct?
A single-phase full-bridge VSI is fed from a 48 V battery and delivers power to a resistive load of 10 Ω. Using square wave switching, verify1.RMS value of fundamental output voltage is 43.2 V.2.Power delivered by the fundamental component is 186.6 W.3.Total power delivered to the load is 230.4 W.Which of the statements are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding freewheeling diode:1.It provides path for inductive load current.2.It reduces voltage spikes.3.It improves efficiency.4.It is used only in AC circuits.Which of the statements are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding AC voltage controller:1.Controls RMS output voltage.2.Uses phase angle control.3.Works only with resistive load.4.Used in light dimmers.Which of the statements are correct?
With reference to the classification of signals based on energy and power considerations, consider the following statements:1.An energy signal is one whose total energy is finite while its average power over an infinite duration is zero.2.A power signal is characterized by finite average power but infinite total energy when integrated over time.3.A periodic signal with non-zero amplitude always qualifies as an energy signal due to repetition.4.A time-limited signal that exists only over a finite duration necessarily has finite energy.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With respect to the mathematical properties of convolution in linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, consider the following statements:1.The convolution operation between two signals satisfies the commutative property irrespective of signal type.2.The associative property of convolution allows grouping of signals without affecting the final output.3.Convolution distributes over addition, enabling decomposition of complex inputs into simpler components.4.Convolution is applicable only to time-invariant systems and not to time-varying systems.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Regarding the concepts of causality and stability in continuous-time systems, consider the following statements:1.A causal system produces output that depends only on present and past input values, not future inputs.2.A system is said to be BIBO stable if every bounded input produces a bounded output.3.All causal systems are inherently stable due to their dependence on past inputs only.4.For an LTI system, inclusion of the imaginary axis in the ROC of its Laplace transform implies stability.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With reference to the Laplace Transform and its region of convergence (ROC), consider the following statements:1.The ROC of a Laplace Transform cannot include any poles of the system function.2.The stability of a system can be inferred from the location of the ROC in the complex plane.3.The same Laplace Transform expression can correspond to different time-domain signals depending on ROC.4.The ROC always spans the entire complex plane irrespective of signal nature.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With respect to the Z-transform used in discrete-time signal analysis, consider the following statements:1.The Z-transform serves as the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace Transform.2.The region of convergence in the Z-plane typically takes the form of a circular ring.3.The ROC necessarily includes the poles of the system function.4.For a discrete-time system to be stable, the unit circle must lie within the ROC.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With reference to sampling and reconstruction of signals, consider the following statements:1.The sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency component present in the signal.2.Aliasing occurs when the sampling frequency is insufficient to capture the signal bandwidth.3.Reconstruction of a continuous-time signal from its samples requires an ideal low-pass filter.4.Increasing the sampling frequency beyond requirement leads to aliasing effects.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
For a real-valued even signal in time domain, consider the following statements:1.The signal satisfies the condition x(t) = x(−t) for all time.2.Its Fourier Transform is purely real-valued without any imaginary component.3.The odd component of such a signal is identically zero.4.The imaginary part of its Fourier Transform is an even function.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With reference to Fourier Series representation of periodic signals, consider the following statements:1.Fourier Series decomposes a periodic signal into a sum of harmonically related sinusoids.2.The coefficients of the Fourier Series depend on the fundamental period of the signal.3.Fourier Series can directly represent non-periodic signals without modification.4.Both exponential and trigonometric forms of Fourier Series are equivalent representations.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With respect to convolution in discrete-time systems, consider the following statements:1.Convolution represents the output of an LTI system as a weighted sum of shifted impulse responses.2.The graphical method of convolution involves time reversal and shifting of one signal.3.Convolution operation always reduces the length of the output sequence.4.Convolution is valid for both continuous-time and discrete-time signals.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With reference to aliasing in sampled signals, consider the following statements:1.Aliasing occurs when higher frequency components overlap with lower frequencies after sampling.2.It results in irreversible distortion in the reconstructed signal.3.Anti-aliasing filters are used prior to sampling to limit bandwidth.4.Aliasing is more prominent when the signal is oversampled.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With reference to stability of continuous-time LTI systems, consider the following statements:1.A system is stable if all poles of its transfer function lie in the left half of the s-plane.2.Inclusion of the imaginary axis in the ROC ensures bounded output for bounded input.3.Absolute integrability of the impulse response guarantees system stability.4.Every causal system is automatically stable.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With reference to impulse response of LTI systems, consider the following statements:1.The impulse response completely characterizes an LTI system.2.The output of an LTI system can be obtained by convolving input with impulse response.3.For a given system, the impulse response is unique.4.Impulse response concept is applicable only to discrete-time systems.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Regarding Computer Networking in buildings:1.A Star topology is the most common configuration for office Local Area Networks (LAN).2.Fiber optic cables are preferred for long-distance building backbones due to their high bandwidth and immunity to EMI.3.A Switch operates at the Physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With respect to discrete-time systems, consider the following statements:1.Discrete-time signals are defined only at integer time instants.2.Such systems are commonly implemented using digital processors.3.Difference equations are used to describe discrete-time systems.4.Discrete-time systems cannot be linear.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
With reference to frequency-domain analysis, consider the following statements:1.Frequency-domain representation simplifies analysis of LTI systems.2.Convolution in time domain becomes multiplication in frequency domain.3.Frequency-domain analysis is not applicable to non-periodic signals.4.Filters are often designed using frequency response characteristics.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding pumped storage plants:1.A pumped storage plant is a base load plant.2.The starting time of a pumped storage plant is very short.3.Reversible turbines and pumps are highly suitable for pumped storage plants.Which of these statements are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the nuclear power plants:1.A thermal reactor needs a moderator material.2.In a nuclear reactor, multiplication factor is kept almost equal to one.3.Nuclear power plants are used as peak load plants only.Which of these statements are correct?
Consider the following statements concerning steam power plants:1.Maintenance and operating costs are low.2.Water is required in huge quantity.3.Requires long time for installation.4.Handling of coal and disposal of ash can be done easily.Which of these statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements: Surge impedance loading of a transmission line can be increased by1.increasing its voltage level2.addition of lumped inductance in parallel3.addition of lumped capacitance in series4.reducing the length of the lineWhich of these statements are correct?
The capacitance of an overhead transmission line increases with1.increase in mutual geometrical mean distance.2.increase in height of conductors above ground.Select the correct answer from the following:
Consider the following statements regarding Corona:1.It causes radio interference.2.It attenuates lightning surges.3.It causes power loss.4.It is more prevalent in the middle conductor of a transmission line employing flat conductor configuration.Which of the above statements are correct?
Installation of capacitors at suitable locations and of optimum size in a distribution system results in1.improved voltage regulation2.reduction in distribution power losses3.reduction of kVA rating of distribution transformersSelect the correct answer using the codes given below:
The main objectives of load frequency control in a power system are1.To bring the steady state error to zero after load change.2.To maintain the net tie-line flow.3.To maintain voltages on all buses.4.To economize the cost of generation.
Stability of a power system can be improved by1.Using series compensations2.Using parallel transmission lines3.Reducing voltage of transmissionWhich of the above statements are correct?
A fault occuring at the terminals of an unloaded synchronous generator operating at its rated voltage has resulted in the following values of currents and voltages:Ia0 = j2.37 p.u.Ia1 = – j3.05 p.u.Ia2 = j0.68 p.u.Va0 = Va1 = Va2 = 0.237 p.u.Which one of the following faults has occurred?
The principal informations obtained from load flow studies in a power system are1.magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus.2.reactive and real power flows in each of the lines.3.total power loss in the network.4.transient stability limit of the system.Select the correct answer using the codes given below
Consider the following quantities:1.Real power2.Reactive power3.Power factor4.Input current5.Bus voltage magnitude6.Bus voltage phase-angle For the purpose of the load flow studies of a power system, each bus or node is associated with which one of the combinations of the above four quantities?
Consider the following statements in respect of load flow studies in power systems:1.Bus admittance matrix is a sparse matrix2.Gauss-Seidel method is preferred over Newton-Raphson method for load flow Studies3.One of the buses is taken as slack bus in load flow studiesWhich of these statements are correct?
Consider the following statements: Stability studies constitute1.the major analytical approach to the study of power system electromechanical dynamic behaviour.2.the involvement of one or just a few machines or gradual changes in undergoing slow operating conditions.3.the determination of the locus of essentially steady-state operating points of the system.4.the determination of whether or not the rotors of the machines being perturbed, return to the constant speed operation.Which of these statements are correct?
Consider the following statements with reference to Protective Relays:1.The minimum relay coil current at which the relay operates is called pick-up value.2.The pick-up value of a relay is 7.5 A and fault current is 30 A. Therefore its plug setting multiplier is5.3. An earth fault current is generally lesser than the short-circuit current.4.Induction relays are used with both A.C. and D.C quantities.Which of these statements are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Transfer Function:1.Transfer function is defined as ratio of Laplace transform of output to input under zero initial conditions.2.It provides complete information about system internal states.3.Poles of transfer function determine system stability.4.Zeros influence transient and frequency response characteristics.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Second Order Systems:1.Damping ratio determines the nature of system response such as overdamped, underdamped, or critically damped.2.Underdamped systems show oscillatory response with decaying amplitude.3.Critically damped system has fastest response without oscillations.4.Overdamped system oscillates indefinitely with constant amplitude.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Steady-State Error:1.Type of system determines steady-state error for standard inputs.2.Increasing system gain reduces steady-state error.3.Integral control eliminates steady-state error for step input.4.Steady-state error is independent of system type.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Root Locus Plot:1.Root locus starts at open-loop poles and ends at zeros.2.Number of branches equals number of poles.3.Root locus always lies in left half plane.4.Breakaway points occur on real axis.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding PID Controller Design:1.Proportional control reduces rise time.2.Integral control eliminates steady-state error.3.Derivative control improves damping.4.PID control guarantees stability always.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding State Variable Analysis:1.State variables define system dynamics completely.2.State-space model can represent MIMO systems.3.Transfer function can always be uniquely obtained from state model.4.State model includes initial conditions.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Regarding electrical safety and protection devices:1.An RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker) protects against earth leakage currents,which helps prevent electric shocks.2.An MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) provides protection against both overload and short-circuit faults.3.Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) are designed to handle sustained overvoltage conditions.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Stability in State-Space Analysis:1.Eigenvalues of the system matrix A define the characteristic roots that determine the system's stability.2.A system is asymptotically stable if and only if, all eigenvalues of the system matrix A have strictly negative real parts (located in the Left-Half Plane).3.The presence of at least one eigenvalue with a positive real part (located in the Right-Half Plane) implies that the system is unstable.4.Stability is a property of the system itself and is determined by the internal system parameters and the A matrix.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Non-linear Control Systems:1.Superposition principle does not apply.2.Linearization is used for analysis near operating point.3.Non-linear systems are always unstable.4.Phase plane analysis is used for non-linear systems.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A first-order system has a time constant of 2 seconds and is subjected to a unit step input. The system gain is unity, then1.The output reaches approximately 63 percent of its final value at 2 seconds.2.The steady-state value of the output is equal to1.3. The response is exponential in nature and does not exhibit oscillations.4.The output reaches 95 percent of final value in about 2 seconds.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A second-order system has damping ratio 0.5 and natural frequency 4 rad/s, then1.The system is underdamped and exhibits oscillatory response.2.The damped natural frequency is less than the natural frequency.3.The peak overshoot is zero for this system.4.The settling time decreases as damping ratio increases (within underdamped region).Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A unity feedback system has open-loop transfer function such that it is a type-1 system and subjected to a unit step input, then1.The steady-state error for step input is zero.2.The steady-state error for ramp input is finite.3.Increasing system gain reduces steady-state error for ramp input.4.The steady-state error for step input increases with increase in gain.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A system has gain crossover frequency at which magnitude is unity and phase is –150 degrees, then1.The phase margin of the system is 30 degrees.2.The system is stable based on phase margin criterion.3.Increasing gain may lead to instability.4.Gain margin is zero at this operating point.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A system is represented in state-space form with two state variables and stable eigenvalues, then1.The system order is two.2.The system is stable since eigenvalues lie in left half-plane.3.State variables completely describe system dynamics.4.Output depends only on input and not on state variables.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements:1.A microprocessor is a programmable digital device that performs arithmetic and logic operations.2.Control unit generates timing and control signals.3.ALU performs memory read/write operations.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 8051 architecture:1.It is an 8-bit microcontroller.2.It has Harvard architecture.3.It has separate program and data memory spaces.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements:1.Accumulator is used for arithmetic and logic operations.2.Program Counter holds the address of next instruction.3.Stack Pointer points to 00H on reset in 8051 Microcontroller.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 8051 instructions:1.MOV instruction transfers data between registers/memory.2.ADD instruction affects flags.3.INC instruction affects carry flag.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 8051 Addressing modes:1.Immediate addressing includes operand in instruction.2.Direct addressing uses memory address explicitly.3.Indirect addressing uses register to hold address.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 8051 Architecture:1.8051 has 4KB on-chip program memory (standard version).2.Internal RAM is 128 bytes.3.External memory can be interfaced.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding ADC interfacing to 8051:1.ADC converts analog signal to digital.2.Start of conversion signal is required.3.End of conversion signal indicates completion.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Memory interfacing in 8051:1.Address decoding is required for memory interfacing.2.Chip select signal is used to enable memory device.3.Multiple devices can share data bus.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Stack in 8051:1.Stack operates on LIFO principle.2.PUSH increases stack pointer.3.POP decreases stack pointer.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 8051 interfacing to peripherals:1.8051 supports multiple interrupt sources.2.Interrupts can be enabled/disabled.3.Interrupt priority can be configured.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding HVDC transmission:1.HVDC transmission has lower line losses compared to HVAC over long distances.2.HVDC requires reactive power compensation at converter stations.3.Skin effect is absent in DC transmission lines.Which options stated above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Line Commutated Converters (LCC):1.They require a strong AC system for commutation.2.They can operate without reactive power support.3.Commutation failure can occur due to AC faults.Which options stated above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Voltage Source Converters (VSC):1.They use self-commutating devices like IGBT.2.They can independently control active and reactive power.3.They require strong AC system for operation.Which options stated above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding firing angle control of HVDC Converter:1.Increasing firing angle reduces DC output voltage.2.At 90°, converter operates at zero DC voltage.3.Firing angle greater than 90° corresponds to inverter mode.Which options stated above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding HVDC Control:1.Constant current control is used in rectifier station.2.Constant extinction angle control is used in inverter station.3.Both stations operate under constant voltage control simultaneously.Which options stated above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements:1.MTDC involves more than two converter stations.2.Power flow control is more complex in MTDC.3.MTDC cannot be implemented using VSC technology.Which options stated above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the suitable choice of HVDC converter configuration:1.Pulse number should be high2.Ratio of peak inverse voltage to no load d.c. output voltage should be as high as possible3.Transformer utilization factor should be nearly unityWhich of these statements are correct?
Consider the following regarding Diesel Generator (DG) sets:1.An AMF (Auto Mains Failure) panel is required to automatically start the DG set when the main power fails.2.The DG set room requires adequate ventilation to ensure combustion and to dissipate heat.3.The Neutral of the DG set should never be earthed to avoid circulating currents.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements: HVDC transmission is superior to HVAC transmission due to1.Lack of reliable DC circuit breakers.2.Lesser number of conductors for same power carrying capacity.3.Non-synchronous link between the two different systems simplifying the problem of voltage stability and frequency control.4.No costly terminal equipment such as converters and inverters are required.Which of these statements is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the Energy Scenario in India:1.The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is a statutory body under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).2.India has committed to achieving Net Zero emissions by the year 2070.3.The industrial sector is the largest consumer of electrical energy in India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding Energy Management and Audit, consider the following:1.A "Preliminary Audit" uses existing data to establish energy consumption patterns.2.A "Detailed Audit" involves the use of instruments to measure energy flow in specific equipment.3.The "Energy Intensity" of a product is the ratio of total energy consumed to the total units of production.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Power Factor improvement:1.Improving the power factor reduces the kVA demand of the plant.2.Capacitors should be installed as close to the inductive load as possible to reduce line losses.3.A high power factor increases the current flowing through the transmission lines for the same kW load.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to Transformers, which of the following measures improve energy efficiency?1.Replacing old aluminum-wound transformers with copper-wound transformers.2.Using Amorphous Core transformers to reduce no-load (iron) losses.3.Operating transformers at 90-100% of their rated capacity for maximum efficiency.Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Consider the following regarding Compressed Air Systems:1.Reducing the delivery pressure of the compressor saves energy.2.Leakages in the compressed air piping can account for up to 30% of energy waste.3.Air intake for the compressor should be from a hot and humid area to improve volumetric efficiency.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) in pumping systems:1.VFDs save energy by varying the motor speed instead of using a throttle valve.2.According to affinity laws, reducing the pump speed by 20% reduces power consumption by nearly 50%.3.VFDs are most effective in systems with high static head.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding HVAC and Chiller systems, consider the following energy-saving measures:1.Increasing the chilled water supply temperature.2.Cleaning the condenser tubes regularly to maintain heat transfer efficiency.3.Using cooling tower water that is as warm as possible to reduce the compressor load.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding "Star Labeling" by BEE:1.It is mandatory for equipment like Frost-free Refrigerators and Room Air Conditioners.2.A 5-star rated appliance is more energy-efficient than a 1-star rated appliance.3.The label indicates the "Energy Consumption" of the product under standard test conditions.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding "Smart Grids" and Energy Conservation:1.Smart meters allow for Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff implementation to manage peak loads.2.They enable the integration of distributed renewable energy sources.3.Demand Side Management (DSM) is a key feature of smart grid technology.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding "Energy Wheeling":1.It is the process of transporting electricity from a generator to a remote consumer using the existing transmission/distribution grid.2.Wheeling charges are paid by the generator or consumer to the grid owner (DISCOM/TRANSCO).3.Wheeling is only permitted for thermal power plants and not for renewable energy.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to "Energy Banking," consider the following:1.It allows a renewable energy generator to "deposit" surplus power into the grid and "withdraw" it later.2.Banking is typically allowed on a monthly or yearly basis as per State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) norms.3.The grid owner usually charges a "banking fee" in the form of a percentage of the energy stored.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which of the following instruments are correctly matched with their use in an Energy Audit?1.Lux Meter: Measuring illumination levels.2.Ultrasonic Flow Meter: Measuring liquid flow in pipes without cutting them.3.Combustion Analyzer: Measuring the power factor of electric motors.Select the correct answer:
Consider the following statements regarding the "Payback Period" in energy projects:1.It is the time taken for the cumulative energy savings to equal the initial investment.2.A shorter payback period indicates a more financially attractive project.3.Simple Payback Period (SPP) accounts for the "Time Value of Money"Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding "Waste Heat Recovery" (WHR):1.It involves capturing heat from industrial exhaust gases to generate steam or power.2.Economizers in boilers are a common example of WHR.3.WHR increases the carbon footprint of the industry.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding the "Harmonics" in electrical systems:1.Harmonics are caused by non-linear loads like VFDs, computers and LED drivers.2.They lead to increased heating in transformers and motors.3.Installation of capacitor banks without detuned reactors can amplify harmonic resonance.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Air Circuit Breakers (ACBs) used in industrial LT panels:1.They are primarily used for low-current domestic applications.2.They provide protection against overcurrent, short circuits and earth faults.3.The quenching of the arc takes place in static air at atmospheric pressure.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to Dry-type Transformers in commercial buildings, consider the following:1.They use air as the cooling and insulating medium instead of oil.2.They are preferred for indoor installations due to reduced fire hazard.3.They require frequent oil filtration and acidity testing.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to Busbar Trunking Systems (BBT) in high-rise buildings:1.They are used as an alternative to heavy cabling for vertical power distribution.2.BBT systems offer better flexibility for adding "tap-off" points compared to cables.3.They have higher voltage drops over long distances compared to copper cables of the same rating.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding MCCBs (Molded Case Circuit Breakers), consider the following:1.They have adjustable trip settings for current and time delay.2.They are typically rated for currents up to 2500A.3.They are used for both switching and protection of circuits.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding LED lighting in industrial environments:1.LEDs have higher luminous efficacy compared to High-Pressure Mercury Vapor lamps.2.They offer a longer operational life, typically exceeding 50,000 hours.3.The Color Rendering Index (CRI) of LEDs is generally poor for detailed industrial inspection tasks.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
In an industrial power system, regarding Power Factor Improvement:1.APFC (Automatic Power Factor Correction) panels use capacitors to provide lagging VARs.2.Improving the power factor reduces the kVA demand and line losses.3.Over-correction (leading power factor) can lead to resonance and overvoltage issues.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Motor Control Centers (MCCs):1.An MCC consists of multiple feeders, each containing a motor starter and protection.2."Draw-out" type modules allow for maintenance without shutting down the entire panel.3.MCCs are only designed to handle DC motors in modern industries.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding the selection of industrial cables, consider the following:1.XLPE insulated cables have a higher continuous operating temperature than PVC cables.2.The short-circuit rating of a cable is independent of the insulation material.3.Voltage drop calculation is mandatory for selecting long cable runs.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems:1.SCADA provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for monitoring industrial processes.2.It is used for real-time data logging and historical trending.3.SCADA directly performs high-speed local logic control, replacing the PLC.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding industrial communication protocols, consider the following:1.Modbus is a widely used serial communication protocol in industrial automation.2.Profinet is an Ethernet-based protocol used for high-speed data exchange.3.Standard RS-232 cables can be used for communication over several kilometers without repeaters.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following regarding Earth Leakage Protection:1.An ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) detects small leakage currents to the earth.2.Voltage-operated ELCBs are preferred over current-operated RCCBs in modern installations.3.A 30mA RCCB is generally used for personal protection against electric shock.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding industrial sensors:1.Inductive proximity sensors are used to detect metallic objects without physical contact.2.Capacitive sensors can detect both metallic and non-metallic (liquid, plastic) materials.3.RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) are less accurate than thermocouples for high-precision measurements.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding HMI (Human Machine Interface) in automation:1.It allows operators to interact with the PLC and monitor machine status.2.HMIs are connected to PLCs using communication ports like Ethernet or RS-485.3.An HMI can only display text and cannot show graphical animations of processes.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Preventive Maintenance of industrial electrical systems:1.Thermography is used to detect "hot spots" in electrical connections and panels.2.Measurement of Earth Resistance should be done periodically using an Earth Tester.3.Dielectric strength testing is performed only on cables and never on transformer oil.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) systems in industrial automation:1.Online UPS provides the highest level of protection by isolating the load from the raw mains.2.The "Static Bypass" switch allows the load to be transferred to the mains in case of inverter failure.3.Batteries in a UPS system should always be kept in a fully discharged state to improve life.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):1.It is a statutory body under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).2.It coordinates with designated consumers and agencies to recognize and utilize energy effectively.3.The "PAT" (Perform, Achieve and Trade) scheme is a flagship program of BEE for energy-intensive industries.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following features of the Gujarat Solar Power Policy 2021:1.It removed the restriction on installed capacity for solar projects with respect to the sanctioned load.2.It allows consumers to set up solar projects for self-consumption on their premises or elsewhere.3.It provides for a security deposit to be submitted by the developer to the Distribution Licensee (DISCOM).Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the Gujarat Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Policy (2018-19):1.It allows for the "Type-A" category, which involves the hybridization of existing wind or solar plants.2.The policy encourages the use of the same transmission line to evacuate power from both the sources.3.Hybrid projects are eligible for a 50% concession on cross-subsidy surcharge when selling to a third party.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Regarding the Gujarat Waste to Energy Policy 2022, consider the following:1.The policy focuses primarily on the generation of power from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).2.Projects under this policy are exempted from the payment of Electricity Duty.3.The state government provides a capital subsidy for the procurement of waste segregation machinery.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to "Green Energy Open Access" in Gujarat, consider the following:1.Any consumer with a load of 100 kW or above can opt for Green Energy Open Access.2.There are no limit restrictions for residential consumers.3.Cross-subsidy surcharge is completely waived for Green Energy Open Access for all consumer categories.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding "Net Metering" in Gujarat:1.It is applicable to rooftop solar systems where generated power is first used for self-consumption.2.The surplus energy is fed back into the grid and credited in the next bill.3.It is only available for industrial and commercial consumers.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the Gujarat Small Hydel Policy:1.Small hydel projects are typically classified for capacities up to 25 MW.2.Hydropower projects are considered “must-run” sources and are given priority in grid dispatch.3.Tariff determination for small hydel projects is carried out by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Under the Electricity Act, 2003, "Open Access" means:1.The non-discriminatory provision for the use of transmission lines or distribution system.2.It is only applicable to Central Transmission Utilities.3.It can be introduced in phases by the State Commissions.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following functions of the State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC):1.To determine the tariff for generation, supply, transmission and wheeling of electricity.2.To advise the State Government on matters relating to promotion of competition and efficiency.3.To adjudicate upon disputes between the licensees and generating companies.Which of the functions given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the "Cross-Subsidy Surcharge":1.It is payable by consumers who opt for open access.2.It is intended to compensate the distribution licensee for the loss of cross-subsidy.3.The State Commission has no power to reduce or eliminate this surchargeWhich of the statements given above is/are correct?
Under the Energy Conservation Act, the "Standards and Labeling" (S&L) scheme applies to:1.Household appliances like refrigerators and ACs.2.Agricultural pump sets.3.Industrial equipment like motors.Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Regarding "Earthing" requirements as per Indian standards, consider the following:1.The earth neutral conductor shall be earthed at the source and at each point of supply.2.The resistance of the earth connection should be as high as possible for safety.3.Periodic testing of earth pits is a mandatory safety requirement.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements about the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC):1.It sets minimum energy standards for commercial buildings.2.Compliance with ECBC is mandatory for all residential buildings regardless of size.3.It covers components like building envelope, lighting and HVAC systems.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the Fireman’s Lift (as per NBC 2016):1.It must be provided in all high-rise buildings exceeding 15 meters in height.2.The lift must have a dedicated emergency power supply distinct from the normal building supply.3.The lift must be accessible to the fire brigade and clearly marked as "Fireman’s Lift".Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding Pumping Systems in buildings:1.Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is a critical parameter to prevent cavitation in pumps.2.Priming is necessary for centrifugal pumps if the pump is located above the liquid level (suction lift).3.A booster pump is used to maintain constant pressure in high-rise water distribution systemsWhich of the statements given above is/are correct?
