In an industrial power system, regarding Power Factor Improvement:1.APFC (Automatic Power Factor Correction) panels use capacitors to provide lagging VARs.2.Improving the power factor reduces the kVA demand and line losses.3.Over-correction (leading power factor) can lead to resonance and overvoltage issues.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: B - 2 and 3 only

Quick Concept Explanation

Automatic power-factor-correction panels switch capacitor steps to offset lagging inductive reactive demand. Excessive capacitance can produce a leading power factor and, in harmonic environments, resonance or overvoltage concerns. Key relation: Q_c≈P(tanφ₁−tanφ₂).

Exam focus: Capacitors supply leading reactive power. Common trap: Calling capacitor VARs 'lagging' reverses the sign convention.

Statement-wise Verification

• Statement 1 - Incorrect.
  APFC (Automatic Power Factor Correction) panels use capacitors to provide lagging VARs.
  Capacitors supply leading reactive power to offset lagging inductive VAR demand
• Statement 2 - Correct.
  Improving the power factor reduces the kVA demand and line losses.
  Excessive capacitance can produce a leading power factor and, in harmonic environments, resonance or overvoltage concerns.
• Statement 3 - Correct.
  Over-correction (leading power factor) can lead to resonance and overvoltage issues.
  Excessive capacitance can produce a leading power factor and, in harmonic environments, resonance or overvoltage concerns.

Core Concept

Automatic power-factor-correction panels switch capacitor steps to offset lagging inductive reactive demand. Capacitors provide leading VARs, reducing kVA demand and current. Excessive capacitance can produce a leading power factor and, in harmonic environments, resonance or overvoltage concerns.

Formula / Key Relationship

Q_c≈P(tanφ₁−tanφ₂).

Why the Other Options Are Wrong

Option A is incorrect because it includes incorrect statement(s) 1 and omits correct statement(s) 2. Option C is incorrect because it includes incorrect statement(s) 1 and omits correct statement(s) 3. Option D is incorrect because it includes incorrect statement(s) 1.

Exam Shortcut / Approach

Capacitors supply leading reactive power.

Common Mistake

Calling capacitor VARs 'lagging' reverses the sign convention.

Quick Revision

Capacitor VAR Compensation and Over-Correction is linked with APFC Panels, Power Factor and Industrial Electrical Systems. Capacitors supply leading reactive power.