Installation of capacitors at suitable locations and of optimum size in a distribution system results in1.improved voltage regulation2.reduction in distribution power losses3.reduction of kVA rating of distribution transformersSelect the correct answer using the codes given below:

Correct Answer: B - 1, 2 and 3

Quick Concept Explanation

For a fixed real-power load and supply voltage, poor power factor requires higher current. Raising power factor with shunt capacitors or an over-excited synchronous machine reduces kVA demand, line current and I²R losses and generally improves voltage regulation. Key relation: Single phase: I=P/(V·PF). Three phase: I=P/(√3 V_L·PF).

Exam focus: For the same kW, current is inversely proportional to power factor. Common trap: Capacitors supply leading reactive power; they do not supply lagging VARs.

Statement-wise Verification

• Statement 1 - Correct.
  improved voltage regulation
  Raising power factor with shunt capacitors or an over-excited synchronous machine reduces kVA demand, line current and I²R losses and generally improves voltage regulation.
• Statement 2 - Correct.
  reduction in distribution power losses
  Raising power factor with shunt capacitors or an over-excited synchronous machine reduces kVA demand, line current and I²R losses and generally improves voltage regulation.
• Statement 3 - Correct.
  reduction of kVA rating of distribution transformers
  Raising power factor with shunt capacitors or an over-excited synchronous machine reduces kVA demand, line current and I²R losses and generally improves voltage regulation.

Core Concept

For a fixed real-power load and supply voltage, poor power factor requires higher current. Raising power factor with shunt capacitors or an over-excited synchronous machine reduces kVA demand, line current and I²R losses and generally improves voltage regulation. Compensation should be placed close to the inductive load when practical so reactive current does not travel through upstream conductors.

Formula / Key Relationship

Single phase: I=P/(V·PF). Three phase: I=P/(√3 V_L·PF).

Why the Other Options Are Wrong

Option A is incorrect because it omits correct statement(s) 2, 3. Option C is incorrect because it omits correct statement(s) 3. Option D is incorrect because it omits correct statement(s) 1, 2.

Exam Shortcut / Approach

For the same kW, current is inversely proportional to power factor.

Common Mistake

Capacitors supply leading reactive power; they do not supply lagging VARs.

Quick Revision

Capacitor Placement in Distribution is linked with Shunt Capacitors, Distribution Systems and Power Systems. For the same kW, current is inversely proportional to power factor.