Consider the following statements regarding HVDC transmission:1.HVDC transmission has lower line losses compared to HVAC over long distances.2.HVDC requires reactive power compensation at converter stations.3.Skin effect is absent in DC transmission lines.Which options stated above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: D - 1, 2 and 3

Quick Concept Explanation

HVDC converts AC to DC for transmission and back to AC at the receiving end. Long lines/cables avoid charging current and skin effect and can have lower losses, but converter stations are costly and LCC schemes consume reactive power. Key relation: Typical chain: AC generation → rectifier → DC link → inverter → AC grid/distribution.

Exam focus: HVDC advantage is in the link, not DC generation/distribution in conventional grids. Common trap: Do not claim HVDC eliminates converter terminal equipment.

Statement-wise Verification

• Statement 1 - Correct.
  HVDC transmission has lower line losses compared to HVAC over long distances.
  HVDC converts AC to DC for transmission and back to AC at the receiving end.
• Statement 2 - Correct.
  HVDC requires reactive power compensation at converter stations.
  Converter stations are costly and LCC schemes consume reactive power.
• Statement 3 - Correct.
  Skin effect is absent in DC transmission lines.
  Long lines/cables avoid charging current and skin effect and can have lower losses

Core Concept

HVDC converts AC to DC for transmission and back to AC at the receiving end. Long lines/cables avoid charging current and skin effect and can have lower losses, but converter stations are costly and LCC schemes consume reactive power. HVDC can interconnect asynchronous AC systems.

Formula / Key Relationship

Typical chain: AC generation → rectifier → DC link → inverter → AC grid/distribution.

Why the Other Options Are Wrong

Option A is incorrect because it omits correct statement(s) 3. Option B is incorrect because it omits correct statement(s) 1. Option C is incorrect because it omits correct statement(s) 2.

Exam Shortcut / Approach

HVDC advantage is in the link, not DC generation/distribution in conventional grids.

Common Mistake

Do not claim HVDC eliminates converter terminal equipment.

Quick Revision

Losses Reactive Power and Skin Effect is linked with HVDC Fundamentals, HVDC Transmission and Power Systems. HVDC advantage is in the link, not DC generation/distribution in conventional grids.