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MediumDeputy Executive Engineer (Electrical), Class-2, Sports Authority of Gujarat / Assistant Engineer (Electrical), Class-2,2026✓ Editorially verified
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A two-port network has Z11 = 20 Ω, Z22 = 10 Ω, Z12 = Z21 = 5 Ω. Then1.Network is reciprocal.2.Input impedance depends on load connected.3.Z-parameters are valid for open-circuit conditions.4.Z12 equals Z21 for symmetric networks only.Which of the above statements is/are correct?

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Answer & Explanation
Correct AnswerC. 1, 2 and 3 only

Quick Explanation

Z-parameters express two-port terminal voltages as linear combinations of port currents. Reciprocity requires Z12=Z21; symmetry additionally requires Z11=Z22. Key relation: V1=Z11I1+Z12I2; V2=Z21I1+Z22I2.

Exam focus: Reciprocal: Z12=Z21. Symmetric: Z11=Z22. Common trap: Do not confuse reciprocity with symmetry.

Formula / Key Relation

V1=Z11I1+Z12I2; V2=Z21I1+Z22I2.

Detailed Explanation

Correct Answer: C - 1, 2 and 3 only Quick Concept Explanation Z-parameters express two-port terminal voltages as linear combinations of port currents. Reciprocity requires Z12=Z21; symmetry additionally requires Z11=Z22. Key relation: V1=Z11I1+Z12I2; V2=Z21I1+Z22I2.Exam focus: Reciprocal: Z12=Z21. Symmetric: Z11=Z22. Common trap: Do not confuse reciprocity with symmetry. Statement-wise Verification Statement 1 - Correct.Network is reciprocal.V1=Z11I1+Z12I2; V2=Z21I1+Z22I2. Statement 2 - Correct.Input impedance depends on load connected.They are conveniently measured with open-circuit conditions because setting one port current to zero exposes the relevant impedance coefficient. Statement 3 - Correct.Z-parameters are valid for open-circuit conditions.Z-parameters express two-port terminal voltages as linear combinations of…

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